Compare StocksNVDA vs VRTX

NVIDIA Corporation (NVDA) vs Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated (VRTX): Which Is the Better Buy in 2026?

As of 2026-06-19, NVDA is overvalued at $211, with a DCF intrinsic value of $163 and a margin of safety of -29%. VRTX is fairly valued at $452, with an intrinsic value of $454 and a margin of safety of 0%. Of the two, VRTX has the wider margin of safety.

NVDA
NVIDIA Corporation
$210.69
VS
VRTX
Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
$451.63

Rewards

NVDA
  • NVIDIA Corporation has maintained ROIC above 10% for 4 consecutive years, suggesting solid business economics.
  • Gross margin of 74.1% indicates strong pricing power — typical of businesses with significant intellectual property or brand strength.
  • Free cash flow has grown at a 193.9% CAGR over the past 4 years, demonstrating strong earnings power growth.
VRTX
  • Altman Z-Score of 12.04 indicates very low bankruptcy risk — the company is firmly in the safe zone.
  • Net debt/EBITDA of -1.1x means the company holds more cash than debt — a net cash position.

Risks

NVDA
  • FCF yield of 1.9% is below 3%, meaning the market is pricing in substantial future growth to justify the current price.
  • Beneish M-Score of -1.06 flags financial patterns consistent with potential earnings manipulation — warrants further investigation.
  • 39 insider sales with no purchases over the past 12 months — a persistent pattern of insider selling.
VRTX
  • FCF yield of 2.4% is below 3%, meaning the market is pricing in substantial future growth to justify the current price.
  • 10 insider sales totaling $7.9M with no purchases in the past 3 months — insiders are reducing their exposure.
  • Free cash flow has declined at a 6.6% CAGR over the past 4 years — a concerning trend.

Key Valuation Metrics

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NVDA
VRTX
Valuation
$96.68B
Free Cash Flow
$2.78B
1.89%
FCF Yield
2.43%
32.26
Trailing P/E
26.79
16.55
Forward P/E
21.03
Quality & Moat
63.06%
ROIC
17.24%
114.29%
ROE
24.20%
74.14%
Gross Margin
54.39%
0.64
PEG Ratio
1.70
Balance Sheet Safety
Net cash
Net Debt / Equity
Net cash
N/A
Interest Coverage
N/A
-0.24
Net Debt / EBITDA
-1.06
0.02%
Dividend Yield
0.00%
NVDA: 7Ties: 1VRTX: 4
NVDAVRTX

Historical Fundamentals

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NVDA

Price ÷ Earnings Per Share — how many years of current earnings you're paying for at today's price. Lower P/E may indicate undervaluation. The dashed forward point is the forward P/E — today's price ÷ analyst consensus EPS.

VRTX

Price ÷ Earnings Per Share — how many years of current earnings you're paying for at today's price. Lower P/E may indicate undervaluation. The dashed forward point is the forward P/E — today's price ÷ analyst consensus EPS.

Price ÷ Earnings Per Share — how many years of current earnings you're paying for at today's price. Lower P/E may indicate undervaluation. The dashed forward point is the forward P/E — today's price ÷ analyst consensus EPS.

$1 Retained Earnings Test

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NVDA
$17.68
created per $1 retained over 3 years
Exceptional Value Creator
Σ Retained
$220.50B
Δ Market Cap
+$3.90T
Buffett's "$1 Test": For every $1 of earnings retained, has management created at least $1 of market value?
> $1 created per $1 retained = Value Creator · < $1 created = Value Destroyer
VRTX
$5.82
created per $1 retained over 3 years
Exceptional Value Creator
Σ Retained
$7.04B
Δ Market Cap
+$40.93B
Buffett's "$1 Test": For every $1 of earnings retained, has management created at least $1 of market value?
> $1 created per $1 retained = Value Creator · < $1 created = Value Destroyer

Buffett's "$1 Test": For every $1 of earnings retained, has management created at least $1 of market value?
> $1 created per $1 retained = Value Creator · < $1 created = Value Destroyer

Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Analysis

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NVDA
44.3% Margin of Safety
Price is 44.3% below estimated fair value
Current Price: $210.69
Fair Value: $378.18
Strongly undervalued
Undervalued
Fairly valued
Overvalued
Strongly overvalued
VRTX
0.4% Margin of Safety
Price is 0.4% below estimated fair value
Current Price: $451.63
Fair Value: $453.56
Strongly undervalued
Undervalued
Fairly valued
Overvalued
Strongly overvalued

Reverse DCF — Market-Implied Growth

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NVDA

What growth rate is the market pricing in at $211?

+17.9%
Market-Implied Owner Earnings Growth
Standard FCF implies +20.8%

The market implies +17.9% Owner Earnings growth, below historical trends — potential opportunity.

Standard FCF implies a more demanding +20.8%, reflecting heavy growth investment expected to generate future returns.

VRTX

What growth rate is the market pricing in at $452?

+12.1%
Market-Implied Owner Earnings Growth
Standard FCF implies +16.9%

The market implies +12.1% Owner Earnings growth, above historical trends.

Standard FCF implies a demanding +16.9%, reflecting heavy growth investment.

Economic Moat Score

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NVDA
69/100
Narrow Moat
70+ Wide · 40-69 Narrow · <40 None

Narrow moat with roic consistency as the key competitive advantage. Improving revenue predictability would strengthen the moat.

Composite score measuring competitive advantage durability across four dimensions: returns above cost of capital, pricing power stability, revenue predictability, and capital efficiency. Based on 4 years of fundamental data.
VRTX
65/100
Narrow Moat
70+ Wide · 40-69 Narrow · <40 None

Narrow moat with revenue predictability as the key competitive advantage. Improving margin stability would strengthen the moat.

Composite score measuring competitive advantage durability across four dimensions: returns above cost of capital, pricing power stability, revenue predictability, and capital efficiency. Based on 4 years of fundamental data.

Forensic Accounting

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NVDA
-1.06
Likely Manipulator
Above -1.78 = likely manipulator · -2.22 to -1.78 = grey zone

M-Score Trend

Beneish's 8-variable model estimates the probability of earnings manipulation. An M-Score above -1.78 signals elevated risk — companies in this range have historically been 3-5× more likely to be manipulating earnings. Scores between -2.22 and -1.78 fall in a grey zone warranting further investigation.
VRTX
-2.06
Possible Manipulator
Above -1.78 = likely manipulator · -2.22 to -1.78 = grey zone
Beneish's 8-variable model estimates the probability of earnings manipulation. An M-Score above -1.78 signals elevated risk — companies in this range have historically been 3-5× more likely to be manipulating earnings. Scores between -2.22 and -1.78 fall in a grey zone warranting further investigation.

Beneish's 8-variable model estimates the probability of earnings manipulation. An M-Score above -1.78 signals elevated risk — companies in this range have historically been 3-5× more likely to be manipulating earnings. Scores between -2.22 and -1.78 fall in a grey zone warranting further investigation.

Ownership Breakdown

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NVDA
Insiders 4.0%Institutions 70.9%Retail & Other 25.1%
No. of Institutional Holders7,556
High insider ownership aligns management incentives with shareholders — a key signal in Buffett-style analysis. Institutional concentration can indicate smart-money conviction but also crowding risk.
VRTX
Insiders 0.2%Institutions 98.0%Retail & Other 1.8%
No. of Institutional Holders2,369
High insider ownership aligns management incentives with shareholders — a key signal in Buffett-style analysis. Institutional concentration can indicate smart-money conviction but also crowding risk.

High insider ownership aligns management incentives with shareholders. Institutional concentration can indicate smart-money conviction but also crowding risk.

Insider Buying Activity

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NVDA
0
Buys (3M)
0
Buys (12M)
No open market insider purchases found.
Open market purchases · includes direct & indirect ownership · excludes option exercises
VRTX
0
Buys (3M)
2
Buys (12M)
Total value (12M): $5.84M
KEWALRAMANI RESHMA
Chief Executive Officer
$3.90M
@ $389.58 · 2025-08-06
SACHS BRUCE I
Director
$1.95M
@ $389.68 · 2025-08-06
Open market purchases · includes direct & indirect ownership · excludes option exercises

Open market purchases · includes direct & indirect ownership · excludes option exercises.

Insider Selling Activity

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NVDA
1
Sells (3M)
39
Sells (12M)
Total value (12M): $1.09B
DABIRI JOHN O
Director
$133,750
@ $214.00 · 2026-05-27
ROBERTSON DONALD F JR
Officer
$942,944
@ $174.75 · 2026-03-20
SHAH AARTI S
Director
$3.36M
@ $176.71 · 2026-03-19
DABIRI JOHN O
Director
$555,440
@ $184.90 · 2026-03-13
ROBERTSON DONALD F JR
Officer
$15.19M
@ $189.85 · 2026-01-02
ROBERTSON DONALD F JR
Officer
$4.43M
@ $179.98 · 2025-12-19
DABIRI JOHN O
Director
$112,317
@ $179.42 · 2025-11-24
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$5.20M
@ $207.91 · 2025-10-29
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$23.56M
@ $188.47 · 2025-10-28
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$40.73M
@ $181.04 · 2025-10-23
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$41.06M
@ $182.48 · 2025-10-20
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$41.34M
@ $183.73 · 2025-10-15
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$42.89M
@ $190.60 · 2025-10-10
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$42.05M
@ $186.89 · 2025-10-07
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$42.09M
@ $187.08 · 2025-10-02
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$40.23M
@ $178.82 · 2025-09-29
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$40.21M
@ $178.69 · 2025-09-24
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$39.18M
@ $174.14 · 2025-09-19
ROBERTSON DONALD F JR
Officer
$617,298
@ $176.37 · 2025-09-19
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$39.75M
@ $176.66 · 2025-09-16
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$39.28M
@ $174.59 · 2025-09-11
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$38.01M
@ $168.95 · 2025-09-08
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$38.61M
@ $171.60 · 2025-09-03
HUDSON BEACH DAWN E
Director
$15.38M
@ $170.90 · 2025-09-03
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$27.12M
@ $180.79 · 2025-08-15
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$40.96M
@ $182.04 · 2025-08-13
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$40.66M
@ $180.70 · 2025-08-08
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$39.78M
@ $176.80 · 2025-08-05
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$40.18M
@ $178.58 · 2025-07-31
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$39.16M
@ $174.02 · 2025-07-28
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$38.22M
@ $169.87 · 2025-07-23
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$38.71M
@ $172.05 · 2025-07-18
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$37.59M
@ $167.08 · 2025-07-15
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$36.43M
@ $161.91 · 2025-07-10
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$35.55M
@ $158.02 · 2025-07-07
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$35.16M
@ $156.27 · 2025-07-01
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$30.47M
@ $152.33 · 2025-06-26
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$14.40M
@ $144.04 · 2025-06-23
ROBERTSON DONALD F JR
Officer
$646,469
@ $143.66 · 2025-06-20
BURGESS ROBERT KENNETH
Director
$6.74M
@ $134.82 · 2025-05-30
DABIRI JOHN O
Director
$91,608
@ $138.80 · 2025-05-30
KRESS COLETTE M.
Chief Financial Officer
$7.79M
@ $116.83 · 2025-03-21
ROBERTSON DONALD F JR
Officer
$525,585
@ $116.80 · 2025-03-21
SHAH AARTI S
Director
$2.37M
@ $118.42 · 2025-03-20
BURGESS ROBERT KENNETH
Director
$6.16M
@ $115.49 · 2025-03-13
DABIRI JOHN O
Director
$292,930
@ $110.00 · 2025-03-10
KRESS COLETTE M.
Chief Financial Officer
$9.03M
@ $135.40 · 2024-12-13
ROBERTSON DONALD F JR
Officer
$608,775
@ $135.28 · 2024-12-13
DABIRI JOHN O
Director
$101,672
@ $142.00 · 2024-11-25
KRESS COLETTE M.
Chief Financial Officer
$7.77M
@ $116.59 · 2024-09-20
ROBERTSON DONALD F JR
Officer
$524,293
@ $116.51 · 2024-09-20
HUANG JEN-HSUN
Chief Executive Officer
$28.55M
@ $118.97 · 2024-09-13
Direct ownership only · excludes indirect, option exercises, planned (10b5-1) sales & derivatives
VRTX
10
Sells (3M)
48
Sells (12M)
Total value (12M): $153.89M
BOZIC CARMEN
Officer
$785,250
@ $450.00 · 2026-06-05
LIU JOY
Officer
$364,245
@ $439.91 · 2026-06-01
BOZIC CARMEN
Officer
$888,300
@ $450.00 · 2026-05-29
BUNNAGE MARK E.
Officer
$14,964
@ $453.45 · 2026-05-15
BOZIC CARMEN
Officer
$613,971
@ $453.45 · 2026-05-15
BOZIC CARMEN
Officer
$3.14M
@ $450.00 · 2026-05-12
BHATIA SANGEETA N
Director
$134,746
@ $423.73 · 2026-05-04
LIU JOY
Officer
$469,222
@ $425.02 · 2026-05-01
LIU JOY
Officer
$439,288
@ $449.17 · 2026-04-01
BOZIC CARMEN
Officer
$1.05M
@ $450.95 · 2026-03-27
BOZIC CARMEN
Officer
$1.12M
@ $481.79 · 2026-03-13
MCKECHNIE DUNCAN
Officer
$1.31M
@ $498.42 · 2026-03-11
MCKECHNIE DUNCAN
Officer
$1.16M
@ $475.30 · 2026-03-04
LIU JOY
Officer
$442,396
@ $495.96 · 2026-03-02
BOZIC CARMEN
Officer
$1.12M
@ $480.31 · 2026-02-27
KEWALRAMANI RESHMA
Chief Executive Officer
$19.74M
@ $493.47 · 2026-02-27
AMBROSE KRISTEN
Officer
$172,560
@ $483.36 · 2026-02-26
ATKINSON EDWARD MORROW III
Chief Technology Officer
$324,882
@ $486.35 · 2026-02-25
MCKECHNIE DUNCAN
Officer
$2.39M
@ $487.65 · 2026-02-25
BUNNAGE MARK E.
Officer
$301,537
@ $486.35 · 2026-02-25
TATSIS OURANIA
Officer
$126,451
@ $486.35 · 2026-02-25
BILLER JONATHAN PRIM
Officer
$459,601
@ $486.35 · 2026-02-25
AMBROSE KRISTEN
Officer
$108,456
@ $486.35 · 2026-02-25
SACHDEV AMIT
Officer
$897,802
@ $486.35 · 2026-02-25
SACHDEV AMIT
Officer
$27.48M
@ $468.83 · 2026-02-19
ATKINSON EDWARD MORROW III
Chief Technology Officer
$1.38M
@ $484.93 · 2026-02-18
BUNNAGE MARK E.
Officer
$1.75M
@ $484.31 · 2026-02-18
TATSIS OURANIA
Officer
$472,395
@ $483.52 · 2026-02-18
BILLER JONATHAN PRIM
Officer
$1.80M
@ $484.18 · 2026-02-18
AMBROSE KRISTEN
Officer
$1.06M
@ $484.87 · 2026-02-18
TATSIS OURANIA
Officer
$749,985
@ $499.99 · 2026-02-13
BILLER JONATHAN PRIM
Officer
$493,012
@ $499.00 · 2026-02-13
BHATIA SANGEETA N
Director
$133,000
@ $500.00 · 2026-02-13
ATKINSON EDWARD MORROW III
Chief Technology Officer
$806,213
@ $460.43 · 2026-02-11
BUNNAGE MARK E.
Officer
$930,529
@ $460.43 · 2026-02-11
TATSIS OURANIA
Officer
$214,560
@ $460.43 · 2026-02-11
BILLER JONATHAN PRIM
Officer
$886,328
@ $460.43 · 2026-02-11
AMBROSE KRISTEN
Officer
$633,552
@ $460.43 · 2026-02-11
TATSIS OURANIA
Officer
$2.14M
@ $474.99 · 2026-01-07
WAGNER CHARLES F JR
Chief Operating Officer
$4.39M
@ $461.00 · 2026-01-06
TATSIS OURANIA
Officer
$2.02M
@ $449.99 · 2025-12-03
BILLER JONATHAN PRIM
Officer
$155,803
@ $449.00 · 2025-12-03
WAGNER CHARLES F JR
Chief Operating Officer
$6.38M
@ $456.00 · 2025-12-03
LEIDEN JEFFREY M
Officer and Director
$28.65M
@ $449.20 · 2025-12-03
ATKINSON EDWARD MORROW III
Chief Technology Officer
$1.09M
@ $434.58 · 2025-11-17
LEIDEN JEFFREY M
Officer and Director
$32.29M
@ $440.60 · 2025-11-14
BILLER JONATHAN PRIM
Officer
$280,522
@ $404.21 · 2025-10-02
BHATIA SANGEETA N
Director
$102,860
@ $386.69 · 2025-08-27
ALTSHULER DAVID
Officer
$22,084
@ $424.69 · 2025-05-15
BHATIA SANGEETA N
Director
$202,344
@ $505.86 · 2025-05-02
ALTSHULER DAVID
Officer
$1.65M
@ $510.00 · 2025-03-13
TATSIS OURANIA
Officer
$1.62M
@ $499.99 · 2025-03-10
ALTSHULER DAVID
Officer
$1.62M
@ $500.00 · 2025-03-10
WAGNER CHARLES F JR
Chief Financial Officer
$1.65M
@ $500.00 · 2025-03-10
TATSIS OURANIA
Officer
$1.97M
@ $485.49 · 2025-03-04
ALTSHULER DAVID
Officer
$1.58M
@ $490.00 · 2025-03-03
ATKINSON EDWARD MORROW III
Chief Technology Officer
$1.26M
@ $475.34 · 2025-02-27
TATSIS OURANIA
Officer
$251,930
@ $475.34 · 2025-02-27
ALTSHULER DAVID
Officer
$610,560
@ $480.00 · 2025-02-27
ATKINSON EDWARD MORROW III
Officer
$849,839
@ $480.95 · 2025-02-25
TATSIS OURANIA
Officer
$170,256
@ $480.95 · 2025-02-25
AMBROSE KRISTEN
Officer
$425,160
@ $480.95 · 2025-02-25
ALTSHULER DAVID
Officer
$407,846
@ $480.95 · 2025-02-25
ALTSHULER DAVID
Officer
$533,280
@ $480.00 · 2025-02-20
TATSIS OURANIA
Officer
$111,035
@ $455.06 · 2025-02-18
BILLER JONATHAN PRIM
Officer
$754,034
@ $455.06 · 2025-02-18
AMBROSE KRISTEN
Officer
$305,345
@ $455.06 · 2025-02-18
ATKINSON EDWARD MORROW III
Chief Technology Officer
$803,323
@ $459.83 · 2025-02-11
TATSIS OURANIA
Officer
$142,547
@ $459.83 · 2025-02-11
BILLER JONATHAN PRIM
Officer
$1.58M
@ $459.87 · 2025-02-11
AMBROSE KRISTEN
Officer
$632,726
@ $459.83 · 2025-02-11
ALTSHULER DAVID
Officer
$7,178
@ $478.53 · 2024-11-15
WAGNER CHARLES F JR
Chief Financial Officer
$1.55M
@ $518.27 · 2024-11-11
KEWALRAMANI RESHMA
Chief Executive Officer
$7.83M
@ $515.00 · 2024-11-08
BILLER JONATHAN PRIM
Officer
$461,198
@ $461.66 · 2024-10-02
BHATIA SANGEETA N
Director
$323,000
@ $500.00 · 2024-08-30
LEIDEN JEFFREY M
Officer and Director
$1.89M
@ $499.00 · 2024-08-30
BHATIA SANGEETA N
Director
$602,447
@ $466.29 · 2024-08-08
BOZIC CARMEN
Officer
$1.09M
@ $476.75 · 2024-08-07
SACHS BRUCE I
Director
$2.69M
@ $508.00 · 2024-08-01
KEWALRAMANI RESHMA
Chief Executive Officer
$7.68M
@ $505.00 · 2024-07-30
BOZIC CARMEN
Officer
$1.11M
@ $488.46 · 2024-07-24
KEWALRAMANI RESHMA
Chief Executive Officer
$7.56M
@ $497.00 · 2024-07-22
BOZIC CARMEN
Officer
$1.11M
@ $487.34 · 2024-07-10
BOZIC CARMEN
Officer
$1.08M
@ $471.72 · 2024-06-26
Direct ownership only · excludes indirect, option exercises, planned (10b5-1) sales & derivatives

Direct ownership only · excludes indirect, option exercises, planned (10b5-1) sales & derivatives.

🎭 Mr. Market's Mood

Learn more →
NVDA
FearGreed
😐Neutral(56/100)

"Market is pricing this stock without strong emotion in either direction"

Composite sentiment score based on 6 market signals. Inspired by Buffett's "Mr. Market" allegory — fear = potential opportunity, greed = potential risk. Must be used alongside fundamental analysis, not in isolation.
VRTX
FearGreed
😐Neutral(57/100)

"Market is pricing this stock without strong emotion in either direction"

Composite sentiment score based on 6 market signals. Inspired by Buffett's "Mr. Market" allegory — fear = potential opportunity, greed = potential risk. Must be used alongside fundamental analysis, not in isolation.

Composite sentiment score based on market signals. Inspired by Buffett’s "Mr. Market" allegory — fear = potential opportunity, greed = potential risk. Must be used alongside fundamental analysis, not in isolation.

⚖️ Buffett Signal

Learn more →
NVDA
Awaiting DCF Data

The Buffett Signal cross-references market sentiment with DCF valuation. Configure the DCF Analysis above to generate a signal.

DCF Margin of Safety: N/AMr. Market's Mood: Neutral (56)
VRTX
Awaiting DCF Data

The Buffett Signal cross-references market sentiment with DCF valuation. Configure the DCF Analysis above to generate a signal.

DCF Margin of Safety: N/AMr. Market's Mood: Neutral (57)
View NVDA Full AnalysisView VRTX Full Analysis

Frequently Asked Questions: NVDA vs VRTX

Is NVIDIA Corporation or Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated more undervalued in 2026?

Based on our discounted cash flow model, VRTX trades at a 0.4% margin of safety (intrinsic value $454 vs. price $452), compared to NVDA's -29.0% margin of safety (intrinsic $163 vs. $211).

Which stock has a wider economic moat, NVIDIA Corporation or Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated?

NVDA scores 69/100 (Narrow moat), while VRTX scores 65/100 (Narrow moat). The moat score measures competitive advantage durability across ROIC consistency, margin stability, revenue predictability, and reinvestment efficiency.

Which company has better free cash flow, NVIDIA Corporation or Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated?

Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated (VRTX) generates a 2.4% free cash flow yield, compared to NVIDIA Corporation's 1.9%. A higher FCF yield means the business converts more of its market value into cash that can be returned to shareholders or reinvested.

Which stock has higher return on invested capital, NVIDIA Corporation or Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated?

NVDA earns 63.1% ROIC versus VRTX's 17.2%. A higher ROIC means the company generates more profit per dollar of capital employed, a hallmark of durable competitive advantage in Buffett-style analysis.

Does NVIDIA Corporation have accounting red flags?

NVDA's Beneish M-Score of -1.1 flags it as a likely earnings manipulator (above the -1.78 threshold). By contrast, VRTX scores -2.1, within the normal range. The Beneish model detects aggressive accounting through eight financial ratios.